Percentage points contribution to GDP calculated within the historical chains of data. This series was constructed by the Bank of England as part of the Three Centuries of Macroeconomic Data project by combining data from a number of academic and official sources. For more information, please refer to the Three Centuries spreadsheet at https://www.bankofengland.co.uk/statistics/research-datasets. Users are advised to check the underlying assumptions behind this series in the relevant worksheets of the spreadsheet. In many cases alternative assumptions might be appropriate. Users are permitted to reproduce this series in their own work as it represents Bank calculations and manipulations of underlying series that are the copyright of the Bank of England provided that underlying sources are cited appropriately. For appropriate citation please see the Three Centuries spreadsheet for guidance and a list of the underlying sources.

Calendar year average. This series was constructed by the Bank of England as part of the Three Centuries of Macroeconomic Data project by combining data from a number of academic and official sources. For more information, please refer to the Three Centuries spreadsheet at https://www.bankofengland.co.uk/statistics/research-datasets. Users are advised to check the underlying assumptions behind this series in the relevant worksheets of the spreadsheet. In many cases alternative assumptions might be appropriate. Users are permitted to reproduce this series in their own work as it represents Bank calculations and manipulations of underlying series that are the copyright of the Bank of England provided that underlying sources are cited appropriately. For appropriate citation please see the Three Centuries spreadsheet for guidance and a list of the underlying sources.

Series Is Presented Here As Two Variables--(1)--Original Data, 1913-1937 (2)--Original Data, 1933-1944. Monthly Data Were Available Beginning In 1933. Annual Averages Date To 1913. The 1937 Annual Figure For The Two Variables Has A Ratio Of 1.063 (1937 2Nd Segment Divided By The 1St Segment Yields 877.43/825.31=1.063. Source: Bls Letters For 1933, 1934, 1936, 1937; Bls "Wholesale Prices, " January, 1936, P.17, For 1935; Current Bulletins For 1938 And Succeeding Years. This NBER data series m04137b appears on the NBER website in Chapter 4 at http://www.nber.org/databases/macrohistory/contents/chapter04.html. NBER Indicator: m04137b

Series Is Presented Here As 2 Variables: (1) Original Data, 1938-40; (2) Original Data, 1945-56. Source: Federal Housing Administration, "Monthly Report Of Fha Insuring Operations" This NBER data series m02163a appears on the NBER website in Chapter 2 at http://www.nber.org/databases/macrohistory/contents/chapter02.html. NBER Indicator: m02163a

Series Is Presented Here As 2 Variables: (1) Original Data, 1938-41; (2) Original Data, 1947-56. Figures For 11/1946-3/1948, And 5/1950 Adjusted Downward By Source To "Eliminate Effects Of Amendments To The National Housing Act Or Of Administrative Changes Affecting The Magnitude Of These Data Series." - Letter Of 6/6/1956 To NBER By A. F. Thornton, Director, Div. Of Res. & Statistics, F.H.A. Source: Federal Housing Administration, Division Of Research And Statistics This NBER data series m02164a appears on the NBER website in Chapter 2 at http://www.nber.org/databases/macrohistory/contents/chapter02.html. NBER Indicator: m02164a

Source: Federal Home Loan Bank Board, Supplements To"Survey Of Current Business, " 1939-June 1954, Except 1944-46, "Survey Of Current Business, May 1950;"Mortgage Recording Letter" Thereafter This NBER data series m02173 appears on the NBER website in Chapter 2 at http://www.nber.org/databases/macrohistory/contents/chapter02.html. NBER Indicator: m02173

Quarterly average. This series was constructed by the Bank of England as part of the Three Centuries of Macroeconomic Data project by combining data from a number of academic and official sources. For more information, please refer to the Three Centuries spreadsheet at https://www.bankofengland.co.uk/statistics/research-datasets. Users are advised to check the underlying assumptions behind this series in the relevant worksheets of the spreadsheet. In many cases alternative assumptions might be appropriate. Users are permitted to reproduce this series in their own work as it represents Bank calculations and manipulations of underlying series that are the copyright of the Bank of England provided that underlying sources are cited appropriately. For appropriate citation please see the Three Centuries spreadsheet for guidance and a list of the underlying sources.

This series was constructed by the Bank of England as part of the Three Centuries of Macroeconomic Data project by combining data from a number of academic and official sources. For more information, please refer to the Three Centuries spreadsheet at https://www.bankofengland.co.uk/statistics/research-datasets. Users are advised to check the underlying assumptions behind this series in the relevant worksheets of the spreadsheet. In many cases alternative assumptions might be appropriate. Users are permitted to reproduce this series in their own work as it represents Bank calculations and manipulations of underlying series that are the copyright of the Bank of England provided that underlying sources are cited appropriately. For appropriate citation please see the Three Centuries spreadsheet for guidance and a list of the underlying sources.

Series Is Presented Here As 2 Variables: (1) Original Data, 1938-40; (2) Original Data, 1945-56. Source: Federal Housing Administration, "Monthly Report Of Fha Insuring Operations" This NBER data series m02163b appears on the NBER website in Chapter 2 at http://www.nber.org/databases/macrohistory/contents/chapter02.html. NBER Indicator: m02163b

Series Is Presented Here As 2 Variables: (1) Original Data, 1938-41; (2) Original Data, 1947-56. Figures For 11/1946-3/1948, And 5/1950 Adjusted Downward By Source To "Eliminate Effects Of Amendments To The National Housing Act Or Of Administrative Changes Affecting The Magnitude Of These Data Series." - Letter Of 6/6/1956 To NBER By A. F. Thornton, Director, Div. Of Res. & Statistics, F.H.A. Source: Federal Housing Administration, Division Of Research And Statistics This NBER data series m02164b appears on the NBER website in Chapter 2 at http://www.nber.org/databases/macrohistory/contents/chapter02.html. NBER Indicator: m02164b

Data Through June 1961 Are Based On 25 Year Mortgages Prepaid In 12 Years; Data For July 1961-1965 Are Based On 30 Year Mortgages Prepaid In 15 Years. Source: U.S. Department Of Commerce, Business Condition Digest. This NBER data series m13045 appears on the NBER website in Chapter 13 at http://www.nber.org/databases/macrohistory/contents/chapter13.html. NBER Indicator: m13045

Source: Life Insurance Association Of America, Data For 1952-1960 Are From Association Files; Data For 1961-1967 Are From The Monthly Release, "Forward Investment Of Commitments Of Life Insurance Companies" This NBER data series m10127 appears on the NBER website in Chapter 10 at http://www.nber.org/databases/macrohistory/contents/chapter10.html. NBER Indicator: m10127

Source: Life Insurance Association Of America, Data For 1952-1960 Are From Association Files; Data For 1961-1967 Are From The Monthly Release, "Forward Investment Of Commitments Of Life Insurance Companies" This NBER data series m10128 appears on the NBER website in Chapter 10 at http://www.nber.org/databases/macrohistory/contents/chapter10.html. NBER Indicator: m10128

Source: Life Insurance Association Of America, Data For 1952-1960 Are From Association Files; Data For 1961-1967 Are From The Monthly Release, "Forward Investment Of Commitments Of Life Insurance Companies" This NBER data series m10129 appears on the NBER website in Chapter 10 at http://www.nber.org/databases/macrohistory/contents/chapter10.html. NBER Indicator: m10129

Source: Life Insurance Association Of America, Data For 1952-1963: Mimeographed Summary Table On "New Commitments Of Reporting Life Insurance Companies"; Data For 1964-1965: Monthly Tabulation Of "Forward Investment Commitments Of Life Insurance Companies" This NBER data series m10169 appears on the NBER website in Chapter 10 at http://www.nber.org/databases/macrohistory/contents/chapter10.html. NBER Indicator: m10169

Source: Life Insurance Association Of America, Data For 1952-1963: Mimeographed Summary Table On "New Commitments Of Reporting Life Insurance Companies"; Data For 1964-1965: Monthly Tabulation Of "Forward Investment Commitments Of Life Insurance Companies" This NBER data series m10170 appears on the NBER website in Chapter 10 at http://www.nber.org/databases/macrohistory/contents/chapter10.html. NBER Indicator: m10170

Source: Life Insurance Association Of America, Data For 1952-1963: Mimeographed Summary Table On "New Commitments Of Reporting Life Insurance Companies"; Data For 1964-1965: Monthly Tabulation Of "Forward Investment Commitments Of Life Insurance Companies" This NBER data series m10171 appears on the NBER website in Chapter 10 at http://www.nber.org/databases/macrohistory/contents/chapter10.html. NBER Indicator: m10171

The Series Is Based On The Number Of 1-4 Family Mortgage Loans Outstanding And Includes Loans In Foreclosure. Source: Mortgage Bankers Association Of America, "National Delinquency Survey" This NBER data series q09084 appears on the NBER website in Chapter 9 at http://www.nber.org/databases/macrohistory/contents/chapter09.html. NBER Indicator: q09084

Data Are At Annual Rate. Source: Data Derived By NBER From Series 10111-115 (Mortgage Debt Held By Financial Institutions And Life Insurance Companies) This NBER data series m10131 appears on the NBER website in Chapter 10 at http://www.nber.org/databases/macrohistory/contents/chapter10.html. NBER Indicator: m10131

Series Is Presented Here As Three Variables--(1)--Original Data, 1955-1959 (2)--Original Data, 1959-1966 (3)--Original Data, 1965-1968. Bank Holdings Are Here Represented By Those Of The Weekly Reporting Member Banks (Between 80% And 90% Of Commercial Banks) And They Refer To The Last Wednesday Of Each Month. The Member Bank Statement Was Revised In July 1959; There Was Only Little Effect On Real Estate Loans Except That Of Increase In Coverage (See The Variables Covering 1959-1966. Source: Data Derived By NBER From The Following Sources: Federal Reserve Bulletins; Fhlb"Selected Balance Sheet Data, All Operating Savings And Loan Associations"; Savings Bank Journal; Statistical Bulletin, National Association Of Mutual Savings Banks;"Trends In Savings And Lending At Savings And Load Associations";"The Life Insurance Tally" This NBER data series m10130a appears on the NBER website in Chapter 10 at http://www.nber.org/databases/macrohistory/contents/chapter10.html. NBER Indicator: m10130a

Series Is Presented Here As Three Variables--(1)--Original Data, 1955-1959 (2)--Original Data, 1959-1966 (3)--Original Data, 1965-1968. The Figures For January-June, 1959 Include Member Bank Holdings Adjusted To Reflect New Coverage; From July 1959 On, Member Bank Holdings Represent Revised Figures. Source: Data Derived By NBER From The Following Sources: Federal Reserve Bulletins; Fhlb"Selected Balance Sheet Data, All Operating Savings And Loan Associations"; Savings Bank Journal; Statistical Bulletin, National Association Of Mutual Savings Banks;"Trends In Savings And Lending At Savings And Load Associations";"The Life Insurance Tally" This NBER data series m10130b appears on the NBER website in Chapter 10 at http://www.nber.org/databases/macrohistory/contents/chapter10.html. NBER Indicator: m10130b

Series Is Presented Here As Three Variables--(1)--Original Data, 1955-1959 (2)--Original Data, 1959-1966 (3)--Original Data, 1965-1968. The Figures For January Of Both 1966 And 1967 Reflect Changes In Coverage For Savings And Loan Associations. Month To Month Changes Are Derived From The First January Figure For December-January; From The Second January Figure For January-February. Source: Data Derived By NBER From The Following Sources: Federal Reserve Bulletins; Fhlb"Selected Balance Sheet Data, All Operating Savings And Loan Associations"; Savings Bank Journal; Statistical Bulletin, National Association Of Mutual Savings Banks;"Trends In Savings And Lending At Savings And Load Associations";"The Life Insurance Tally" This NBER data series m10130c appears on the NBER website in Chapter 10 at http://www.nber.org/databases/macrohistory/contents/chapter10.html. NBER Indicator: m10130c

View data of the average interest rate, calculated weekly, of fixed-rate mortgages with a 30-year repayment term.

On November 17, 2022, Freddie Mac changed the methodology of the Primary Mortgage Market Survey® (PMMS®). The weekly mortgage rate is no longer based on a survey of lenders. For more information regarding Freddie Mac’s enhancement, see their research note (https://www.freddiemac.com/research/insight/20221103-freddie-macs-newly-enhanced-mortgage-rate-survey). Data are provided “as is” by Freddie Mac®, with no warranties of any kind, express or implied, including but not limited to warranties of accuracy or implied warranties of merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose. Use of the data is at the user’s sole risk. In no event will Freddie Mac be liable for any damages arising out of or related to the data, including but not limited to direct, indirect, incidental, special, consequential, or punitive damages, whether under a contract, tort, or any other theory of liability, even if Freddie Mac is aware of the possibility of such damages. Copyright, 2016, Freddie Mac. Reprinted with permission.

OECD descriptor ID: CPRPTT02 OECD unit ID: IXOB OECD country ID: GBR All OECD data should be cited as follows: OECD, "Main Economic Indicators - complete database", Main Economic Indicators (database),http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/data-00052-en (Accessed on date) Copyright, 2016, OECD. Reprinted with permission.

OECD descriptor ID: CPRPTT02 OECD unit ID: IXOB OECD country ID: GBR All OECD data should be cited as follows: OECD, "Main Economic Indicators - complete database", Main Economic Indicators (database),http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/data-00052-en (Accessed on date) Copyright, 2016, OECD. Reprinted with permission.

OECD descriptor ID: CPRPTT02 OECD unit ID: IXOB OECD country ID: GBR All OECD data should be cited as follows: OECD, "Main Economic Indicators - complete database", Main Economic Indicators (database),http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/data-00052-en (Accessed on date) Copyright, 2016, OECD. Reprinted with permission.

Quarterly average. This series was constructed by the Bank of England as part of the Three Centuries of Macroeconomic Data project by combining data from a number of academic and official sources. For more information, please refer to the Three Centuries spreadsheet at https://www.bankofengland.co.uk/statistics/research-datasets. Users are advised to check the underlying assumptions behind this series in the relevant worksheets of the spreadsheet. In many cases alternative assumptions might be appropriate. Users are permitted to reproduce this series in their own work as it represents Bank calculations and manipulations of underlying series that are the copyright of the Bank of England provided that underlying sources are cited appropriately. For appropriate citation please see the Three Centuries spreadsheet for guidance and a list of the underlying sources.

Data is provided "as is," by Freddie Mac® with no warranties of any kind, express or implied, including, but not limited to, warranties of accuracy or implied warranties of merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose. Use of the data is at the user's sole risk. In no event will Freddie Mac be liable for any damages arising out of or related to the data, including, but not limited to direct, indirect, incidental, special, consequential, or punitive damages, whether under a contract, tort, or any other theory of liability, even if Freddie Mac is aware of the possibility of such damages. Copyright, 2016, Freddie Mac. Reprinted with permission.

Origination Fees and Discount Points are the total charged by the lender at settlement. One point equals one percent of the loan amount. Data is provided "as is," by Freddie Mac© with no warranties of any kind, express or implied, including, but not limited to, warranties of accuracy or implied warranties of merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose. Use of the data is at the user's sole risk. In no event will Freddie Mac be liable for any damages arising out of or related to the data, including, but not limited to direct, indirect, incidental, special, consequential, or punitive damages, whether under a contract, tort, or any other theory of liability, even if Freddie Mac is aware of the possibility of such damages. Copyright, 2016, Freddie Mac. Reprinted with permission.

Margin is a fixed amount added to the underlying index to establish the fully indexed rate for an ARM. Data is provided "as is," by Freddie Mac© with no warranties of any kind, express or implied, including, but not limited to, warranties of accuracy or implied warranties of merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose. Use of the data is at the user's sole risk. In no event will Freddie Mac be liable for any damages arising out of or related to the data, including, but not limited to direct, indirect, incidental, special, consequential, or punitive damages, whether under a contract, tort, or any other theory of liability, even if Freddie Mac is aware of the possibility of such damages. Copyright, 2016, Freddie Mac. Reprinted with permission.

OECD Descriptor ID: IRLOHO02 OECD unit ID: PC OECD country ID: LUX All OECD data should be cited as follows: OECD, "Main Economic Indicators - complete database", Main Economic Indicators (database), https://dx.doi.org/10.1787/data-00052-en (Accessed on date) Copyright, 2016, OECD. Reprinted with permission

OECD Descriptor ID: IRLOHO02 OECD unit ID: PC OECD country ID: LUX All OECD data should be cited as follows: OECD, "Main Economic Indicators - complete database", Main Economic Indicators (database), https://dx.doi.org/10.1787/data-00052-en (Accessed on date) Copyright, 2016, OECD. Reprinted with permission

OECD Descriptor ID: IRLOHO02 OECD unit ID: PC OECD country ID: LUX All OECD data should be cited as follows: OECD, "Main Economic Indicators - complete database", Main Economic Indicators (database), https://dx.doi.org/10.1787/data-00052-en (Accessed on date) Copyright, 2016, OECD. Reprinted with permission

On November 17, 2022, Freddie Mac changed the methodology of the Primary Mortgage Market Survey® (PMMS®). The weekly mortgage rate is no longer based on a survey of lenders. For more information regarding Freddie Mac’s enhancement, see their research note (https://www.freddiemac.com/research/insight/20221103-freddie-macs-newly-enhanced-mortgage-rate-survey). Data are provided “as is” by Freddie Mac®, with no warranties of any kind, express or implied, including but not limited to warranties of accuracy or implied warranties of merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose. Use of the data is at the user’s sole risk. In no event will Freddie Mac be liable for any damages arising out of or related to the data, including but not limited to direct, indirect, incidental, special, consequential, or punitive damages, whether under a contract, tort, or any other theory of liability, even if Freddie Mac is aware of the possibility of such damages. Copyright, 2016, Freddie Mac. Reprinted with permission.

On November 17, 2022, Freddie Mac changed the methodology of the Primary Mortgage Market Survey® (PMMS®). The weekly mortgage rate is now based on applications submitted to Freddie Mac from lenders across the country. For more information regarding Freddie Mac’s enhancement, see their research note (https://www.freddiemac.com/research/insight/20221103-freddie-macs-newly-enhanced-mortgage-rate-survey). Data are provided “as is” by Freddie Mac®, with no warranties of any kind, express or implied, including but not limited to warranties of accuracy or implied warranties of merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose. Use of the data is at the user’s sole risk. In no event will Freddie Mac be liable for any damages arising out of or related to the data, including but not limited to direct, indirect, incidental, special, consequential, or punitive damages, whether under a contract, tort, or any other theory of liability, even if Freddie Mac is aware of the possibility of such damages. Copyright, 2016, Freddie Mac. Reprinted with permission.

In May of 2016, the source discovered errors in the calculation of the CFSI and began a detailed review of the index and its underlying model. Following that review, the source decided to discontinue the CFSI. https://www.clevelandfed.org/en/our-research/indicators-and-data/cleveland-financial-stress-index.aspx The source has posted to their website a message regarding this release: Cleveland Financial Stress Index under review and a revised index expected in the fourth quarter of 2016. A thorough review of the index is being conducted to both simplify the index and enhance its robustness, while also taking into consideration changes in financial markets and institutions. This review and the revisions to the CFSI are expected to be completed sometime during the fourth quarter of this year, and additional details will be made available at that time. Thank you for your patience while we improve the CFSI. This chart shows the contribution of the securitization of the residential mortgage-backed security spread to the CFSI. This spread is measured as the difference between the yield on residential mortgage-backed securities and 30-Year Treasury. It captures the ability of originators to raise capital and the relative riskiness of the securitized asset.

In May of 2016, the source discovered errors in the calculation of the CFSI and began a detailed review of the index and its underlying model. Following that review, the source decided to discontinue the CFSI. https://www.clevelandfed.org/en/our-research/indicators-and-data/cleveland-financial-stress-index.aspx The source has posted to their website a message regarding this release: Cleveland Financial Stress Index under review and a revised index expected in the fourth quarter of 2016. A thorough review of the index is being conducted to both simplify the index and enhance its robustness, while also taking into consideration changes in financial markets and institutions. This review and the revisions to the CFSI are expected to be completed sometime during the fourth quarter of this year, and additional details will be made available at that time. Thank you for your patience while we improve the CFSI. This chart shows the contribution of the commercial mortgage-backed security spread to CFSI. This spread is measured as the difference between the yield on commercial mortgage-backed securities and 5-Year Treasury. It captures the ability of originators to raise capital and the relative riskiness of the securitized asset

This series is constructed as the aggregated daily amount value of the RP transactions reported by the New York Fed as part of the Temporary Open Market Operations. Temporary open market operations involve short-term repurchase and reverse repurchase agreements that are designed to temporarily add or drain reserves available to the banking system and influence day-to-day trading in the federal funds market. A repurchase agreement (known as repo or RP) is a transaction in which the New York Fed under the authorization and direction of the Federal Open Maker Committee buys a security from an eligible counterparty under an agreement to resell that security in the future. For these transactions, eligible securities are U.S. Treasury instruments, federal agency debt and the mortgage-backed securities issued or fully guaranteed by federal agencies.

This series is constructed as the aggregated daily amount value of the RP transactions reported by the New York Fed as part of the Temporary Open Market Operations. Temporary open market operations involve short-term repurchase and reverse repurchase agreements that are designed to temporarily add or drain reserves available to the banking system and influence day-to-day trading in the federal funds market. A repurchase agreement (known as repo or RP) is a transaction in which the New York Fed under the authorization and direction of the Federal Open Maker Committee buys a security from an eligible counterparty under an agreement to resell that security in the future. For these transactions, eligible securities are U.S. Treasury instruments, federal agency debt and the mortgage-backed securities issued or fully guaranteed by federal agencies.

This series is constructed as the aggregated daily amount value of the RP transactions reported by the New York Fed as part of the Temporary Open Market Operations. Temporary open market operations involve short-term repurchase and reverse repurchase agreements that are designed to temporarily add or drain reserves available to the banking system and influence day-to-day trading in the federal funds market. A repurchase agreement (known as repo or RP) is a transaction in which the New York Fed under the authorization and direction of the Federal Open Maker Committee buys a security from an eligible counterparty under an agreement to resell that security in the future. For these transactions, eligible securities are U.S. Treasury instruments, federal agency debt and the mortgage-backed securities issued or fully guaranteed by federal agencies.

On November 17, 2022, Freddie Mac changed the methodology of the Primary Mortgage Market Survey® (PMMS®). The weekly mortgage rate is no longer based on a survey of lenders. For more information regarding Freddie Mac’s enhancement, see their research note (https://www.freddiemac.com/research/insight/20221103-freddie-macs-newly-enhanced-mortgage-rate-survey). Data are provided “as is” by Freddie Mac®, with no warranties of any kind, express or implied, including but not limited to warranties of accuracy or implied warranties of merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose. Use of the data is at the user’s sole risk. In no event will Freddie Mac be liable for any damages arising out of or related to the data, including but not limited to direct, indirect, incidental, special, consequential, or punitive damages, whether under a contract, tort, or any other theory of liability, even if Freddie Mac is aware of the possibility of such damages. Copyright, 2016, Freddie Mac. Reprinted with permission.

On November 17, 2022, Freddie Mac changed the methodology of the Primary Mortgage Market Survey® (PMMS®). The weekly mortgage rate is no longer based on a survey of lenders. For more information regarding Freddie Mac’s enhancement, see their research note (https://www.freddiemac.com/research/insight/20221103-freddie-macs-newly-enhanced-mortgage-rate-survey). Data are provided “as is” by Freddie Mac®, with no warranties of any kind, express or implied, including but not limited to warranties of accuracy or implied warranties of merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose. Use of the data is at the user’s sole risk. In no event will Freddie Mac be liable for any damages arising out of or related to the data, including but not limited to direct, indirect, incidental, special, consequential, or punitive damages, whether under a contract, tort, or any other theory of liability, even if Freddie Mac is aware of the possibility of such damages. Copyright, 2016, Freddie Mac. Reprinted with permission.

On November 17, 2022, Freddie Mac changed the methodology of the Primary Mortgage Market Survey® (PMMS®). The weekly mortgage rate is no longer based on a survey of lenders. For more information regarding Freddie Mac’s enhancement, see their research note (https://www.freddiemac.com/research/insight/20221103-freddie-macs-newly-enhanced-mortgage-rate-survey). Data are provided “as is” by Freddie Mac®, with no warranties of any kind, express or implied, including but not limited to warranties of accuracy or implied warranties of merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose. Use of the data is at the user’s sole risk. In no event will Freddie Mac be liable for any damages arising out of or related to the data, including but not limited to direct, indirect, incidental, special, consequential, or punitive damages, whether under a contract, tort, or any other theory of liability, even if Freddie Mac is aware of the possibility of such damages. Copyright, 2016, Freddie Mac. Reprinted with permission.

This series is in the H.4.1 Factors Affecting Reserve Balances statistical press release and is available in FRED as WSHOMCB (https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/WSHOMCB). Data before Wednesday, April 27, 1921 represent weekly values as of Friday. Authors: Cecilia Bao, Justin Chen, Nicholas Fries, Andrew Gibson, Emma Paine, and Kurt Schuler Studies in Applied Economics no. 115, Johns Hopkins University Institute for Applied Economics, Global Health, and the Study of Business Enterprise, July 2018; co-published with the Center for Financial Stability

This series is constructed as the aggregated daily amount value of the RRP transactions reported by the New York Fed as part of the Temporary Open Market Operations. Temporary open market operations involve short-term repurchase and reverse repurchase agreements that are designed to temporarily add or drain reserves available to the banking system and influence day-to-day trading in the federal funds market. A reverse repurchase agreement (known as reverse repo or RRP) is a transaction in which the New York Fed under the authorization and direction of the Federal Open Market Committee sells a security to an eligible counterparty with an agreement to repurchase that same security at a specified price at a specific time in the future. For these transactions, eligible securities are U.S. Treasury instruments, federal agency debt and the mortgage-backed securities issued or fully guaranteed by federal agencies. For more information, see https://www.newyorkfed.org/markets/rrp_faq.html

This series is constructed as the aggregated daily amount value of the RRP transactions reported by the New York Fed as part of the Temporary Open Market Operations. Temporary open market operations involve short-term repurchase and reverse repurchase agreements that are designed to temporarily add or drain reserves available to the banking system and influence day-to-day trading in the federal funds market. A reverse repurchase agreement (known as reverse repo or RRP) is a transaction in which the New York Fed under the authorization and direction of the Federal Open Market Committee sells a security to an eligible counterparty with an agreement to repurchase that same security at a specified price at a specific time in the future. For these transactions, eligible securities are U.S. Treasury instruments, federal agency debt and the mortgage-backed securities issued or fully guaranteed by federal agencies. For more information, see https://www.newyorkfed.org/markets/rrp_faq.html

This series is constructed as the aggregated daily amount value of the RRP transactions reported by the New York Fed as part of the Temporary Open Market Operations. Temporary open market operations involve short-term repurchase and reverse repurchase agreements that are designed to temporarily add or drain reserves available to the banking system and influence day-to-day trading in the federal funds market. A reverse repurchase agreement (known as reverse repo or RRP) is a transaction in which the New York Fed under the authorization and direction of the Federal Open Market Committee sells a security to an eligible counterparty with an agreement to repurchase that same security at a specified price at a specific time in the future. For these transactions, eligible securities are U.S. Treasury instruments, federal agency debt and the mortgage-backed securities issued or fully guaranteed by federal agencies. For more information, see https://www.newyorkfed.org/markets/rrp_faq.html

The Contributions to percent change in GDPNow: Real Gross Private Domestic Investment: Fixed Investment: Business: Structures represents the contribution in percentage points that the nowcast for Gross Private Domestic Investment: Fixed Investment: Business: Structures provides to real GDP growth. For further information visit the source at https://www.frbatlanta.org/cqer/research/gdpnow.aspx?panel=1.

The Contributions to percent change in GDPNow: Real Change of Inventory Investment represents the contribution in percentage points that the nowcast for Change of Inventory Investment provides to real GDP growth. For further information visit the source at https://www.frbatlanta.org/cqer/research/gdpnow.aspx?panel=1.

The Contributions to percent change in GDPNow: Real Gross Private Domestic Investment: Fixed Investment: Business: Equipment represents the contribution in percentage points that the nowcast for Gross Private Domestic Investment: Fixed Investment: Business: Equipment provides to real GDP growth. For any forecasts occurring on or before the second quarter of 2013, the Gross Private Domestic Investment: Fixed Investment: Business: Equipment was actually Equipment and Software. Currently, Gross Private Domestic Investment: Fixed Investment: Business: Equipment excludes Software. For further information visit the source at https://www.frbatlanta.org/cqer/research/gdpnow.aspx?panel=1.

The Contributions to percent change in GDPNow: Real Personal Consumption Expenditures: Goods represents the contribution in percentage points that the nowcast for Personal Consumption Expenditures: Goods provides to real GDP growth. For further information visit the source at https://www.frbatlanta.org/cqer/research/gdpnow.aspx?panel=1.

The Contributions to percent change in GDPNow: Real Change of Net Exports of Goods and Services represents the contribution in percentage points that the nowcast for Change of Net Exports of Goods and Services provides to real GDP growth. For further information visit the source at https://www.frbatlanta.org/cqer/research/gdpnow.aspx?panel=1.

The Contributions to percent change in GDPNow: Real Imports of Goods and Services represents the contribution in percentage points that the nowcast for Imports of Goods and Services provides to real GDP growth. For further information visit the source at https://www.frbatlanta.org/cqer/research/gdpnow.aspx?panel=1.

The Contributions to percent change in GDPNow: Real Gross Private Domestic Investment: Fixed Investment: Business represents the contribution in percentage points that the nowcast for Gross Private Domestic Investment: Fixed Investment: Business provides to real GDP growth. For further information visit the source at https://www.frbatlanta.org/cqer/research/gdpnow.aspx?panel=1.

The Contributions to percent change in GDPNow: Real Gross Private Domestic Investment: Fixed Investment represents the contribution in percentage points that the nowcast for Gross Private Domestic Investment: Fixed Investment provides to real GDP growth. For further information visit the source at https://www.frbatlanta.org/cqer/research/gdpnow.aspx?panel=1.

The Contributions to percent change in GDPNow: Real Exports of Goods and Services represents the contribution in percentage points that the nowcast for Exports of Goods and Services provides to real GDP growth. For further information visit the source at https://www.frbatlanta.org/cqer/research/gdpnow.aspx?panel=1.

The Contributions to percent change in GDPNow: Real Final Sales of Domestic Product represents the contribution in percentage points that the nowcast for Final Sales of Domestic Product provides to real GDP growth. For further information visit the source at https://www.frbatlanta.org/cqer/research/gdpnow.aspx?panel=1.

The Contributions to percent change in GDPNow: Real Gross Private Domestic Investment: Fixed Investment: Business: Intellectual Property Products represents the contribution in percentage points that the nowcast for Gross Private Domestic Investment: Fixed Investment: Business: Intellectual Property Products provides to real GDP growth. For further information visit the source at https://www.frbatlanta.org/cqer/research/gdpnow.aspx?panel=1.

The Contributions to percent change in GDPNow: Real Personal Consumption Expenditures represents the contribution in percentage points that the nowcast for Personal Consumption Expenditures provides to real GDP growth. For further information visit the source at https://www.frbatlanta.org/cqer/research/gdpnow.aspx?panel=1.